![]() They justified interventions in the domestic affairs of neighbouring countries by the pretext that they were protecting Orthodox believers. The Moscow tsars styled themselves as the protectors of the Orthodox faith. Photo credit: Nick Grapsy/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) he Vydubickiy Monastery in Kyiv was established in the late 11th century during the time of the Kyivan Rus. From that point, Ivan III not only called himself grand prince but also tsar, deriving from “Caesar”, the title used by the Roman and later Byzantine emperors. Ivan III (1440-1505), his son Vasily III (1478-1533) and his grandson Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584) were the most successful gatherers of the land of the Rus in its initial phase, annexing the lands of rival Rus princes in the north and northeast.Īfter the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman army in 1453, Moscow’s religious leaders argued that a transfer of the Byzantine empire had taken place: Moscow was now the third Rome and the capital of Christendom. And Ivan and his successors subsequently used this title to claim all the lands of the Rus including those under Lithuanian and Polish rule as their patrimony. Ozbeg awarded Ivan the title of grand prince, as rulers of Kyiv were traditionally known. Later, Prince Ivan I of Moscow (circa 1288-1340), known as Kalita (the moneybag), was the tax collector for Sultan Ozbeg, the khan of the Golden Horde. The first historical mention of Moscow is in a chronicle from 1147. Meanwhile, the northern and northeastern parts were cut off from developments in Europe for 200 years. The western and south-western parts, which constitute most of the territory of today’s Ukraine and Belarus, was divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. With the arrival of Mongol troops in the mid-13th century, the land of the Kyivan Rus was broken up. ![]() By contrast, the neighbouring peoples – the Poles and the Lithuanians – took their Christianity from Rome. It created what he calls a “common spiritual space”, an Orthodox Russian space distinct from the Latin, Roman Catholic world. Putin refers to this event as a “ civilisational choice” that shaped the future of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. In 988, Grand Prince Volodymyr of Kyiv adopted Christianity from Byzantium, not Rome, and the Rus – now a term also applied to the land – became part of the Orthodox Christian world. The Principality of Kyiv was founded on the location of contemporary Kyiv in the 9th century by Viking warrior-traders from Scandinavia (also called Varangians or Rus) who mixed with the local east Slavic population. Others have simply used the idea to justify Russia’s hegemonic ambitions. Throughout history, there have been Russian rulers who have believed in their mission to “gather the Russian lands”, the land of the Rus. The word refers to the land of a people called Rus: the common ancestors of today’s Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The word “Rus” derives from the old east Slavic word Роусь (which reads as “Rous’” when you convert from Cyrillic into Roman letters). These are not Russian lands but the “lands of the Rus”. Ukrainians, meanwhile, refer to the same place as the Kyivan Rus and the cradle of their own nation. And he believes his mission is to restore the unity of the Russian lands, as a precondition for Russia being a great power. To his mind, this means the Ukrainian people are Russian. He sees this Orthodox medieval state which centred around the contemporary Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, as the common point of origin for both Ukrainians and Russians. To justify his designs on Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin has repeatedly referred to what Russians call the Kievan Rus. TMC leader apologises after outrage over his remarks about President Draupadi Murmu.‘History is not simply a recounting of the past, but a perspective’: Manash Firaq Bhattacharjee.Twitter suspends its $8 blue tick subscription plan as fake accounts soar.South Koreans blame rulers for the crowd crush tragedy in Seoul.Caught on camera: Angry customers attack restaurant employee after order was delayed.Supreme Court suspends YouTuber Savukku Shankar’s six-month sentence in contempt case.Caught on live TV: Fan asks Indian news channel not to communalise India’s loss in T20 World Cup.Watch: Lionel Messi’s fabulous strike for PSG vs Benfica is goal of Champions League group stage.‘Uunchai’ review: Uphill in every which way.‘Your accent is so sexy’: Comedian Zeervan adds Parsi to the popular online series.Comments made in Sanjay Raut bail order uncalled for, ED tells Bombay High Court.For those planning to leave Twitter because of Elon Musk, a word of caution.
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